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In a tree-structured directory, the series of directory names that culminates in a file name is referred to as the:

The UNIX file system uses which of the following consistency semantics?

In which of the following file allocation methods is preallocation required:

All types of UNIX files are administered by the OS by means of inodes.

A file directory contains information about the files, including attributes, location, and ownership.

A file allocation table (FAT) is used to keep track of the portions assigned to a file.

Typically, an interactive user or a process has associated with it a current directory, often referred to as the working directory

An example of a block-oriented I/O device is:

The __________ unit is capable of mimicking the processor and of taking over control of the system bus just like a processor.

__________ external devices are suitable for communicating with electronic equipment.

Data striping provides reliability for RAID systems.

Disks and tapes are examples of block-oriented I/O devices.

One general grouping of external I/O devices that communicate with computer systems is the Human Readable category, which includes disk drives and tape drives.

A risk with _________ is the possibility of starvation for longer processes, as long as there is a steady supply of shorter processes.

This is a decision whether to add a new process to the set of processes that are currently active:

The _________ determines which process, among ready processes, is selected next for execution.

The decision as to which available process will be executed by the processor:

The key to multiprogramming is scheduling.

Scheduling affects the performance of the system because it determines which processes will wait and which will progress.

The medium-term scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs that may lead to the blocking of the current process or that may provide an opportunity to preempt a currently running process in favor of another.

The _________ policy results in the fewest number of page faults.

The _________ algorithm requires a use bit to be associated with each page in memory.

A _________ chooses only among the resident pages of the process that generated the page fault in selecting a page to replace.

Segments may be of unequal, indeed dynamic, size.

The design issue of page size is related to the size of physical main memory and program size.

The size of virtual storage is limited by the actual number of main storage locations.

Main memory divided into a number of static partitions at system generation time is _______.

With __________ a process is loaded by loading all of its segments into dynamic partitions that need not be contiguous.

Main memory divided into a number of equal size frames is the __________ technique.

In a uniprogramming system main memory is divided into two parts.

In a multiprogramming system the available main memory is not generally shared among a number of processes.

In order to implement mutual exclusion on a critical resource for competing processes, only one program at a time should be allowed:

The Reader/Writer problem requires that certain conditions be satisfied, such as:

Embedded computers typically run on a ____ operating system.

In a uniprocessor system, multiprogramming increases processor efficiency by:

A __________ organization has a number of potential advantages over a uniprocessor organization including performance, availability, incremental growth, and scaling.

The operating system kernel consists of all system and application programs in a computer.

An example of a multicore system is the Intel Core i7.

In a two-level memory hierarchy the Hit Ratio is defined as the fraction of all memory accesses found in the slower memory.

The fetched instruction is loaded into the Program Counter.

Operating systems must evolve over time because:

_____ provide(s) an interface to the services provided by an operating system.

_____ is not an example of a benefit of virtual machines.

Microkernels use _____ for communication.

A microkernel is a kernel ____.

Some level of hardware support is required to provide virtualization.

The virtual-machine concept does not offer complete protection of the various system resources.

Application programmers typically use an API rather than directory invoking system calls.

Many operating system merge I/O devices and files into a combined file because of the similarity of system calls for each.

A __________ is a unit of activity characterized by the execution of a sequence of instructions, a current state, and an associated set of system resources.

Thread-specific data is data that ____.

A benefit of the microkernel organization is:

A thread is composed of a thread ID, program counter, register set, and heap.

Virtually all contemporary operating systems support kernel threads.

In a pure User-Level Thread (ULT) facility, all of the work of thread management is done by the application, but the kernel is aware of the existence of threads.

The OS may create a process on behalf of an application.

The process control block is the key tool that enables the OS to support multiple processes and to provide for multiprocessing

It is not the responsibility of the operating system to control the execution of processes.

The exec() system call creates a new process.

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