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Question 1 of 60 Quiz ID: q1

What is the primary danger of incorrect synchronization in operating systems?

It can cause memory leaks

It can block all processes

It reduces CPU performance

It corrupts file systems

Question 2 of 60 Quiz ID: q2

In the Dining Philosophers problem, how many philosophers are sitting around the table?

Three

Four

Five

Six

Question 3 of 60 Quiz ID: q3

In the Dining Philosophers problem, how many forks does each philosopher need to eat?

One fork

Two forks

Three forks

No forks needed

Question 4 of 60 Quiz ID: q4

Why does philosopher[4] have to be implemented differently from the others in the code example?

It has different eating preferences

It handles the wraparound from fork[4] to fork[0]

It eats faster than the others

It doesn't need to think

Question 5 of 60 Quiz ID: q5

According to the formal definition, deadlock exists among a set of processes when:

All processes are running simultaneously

Every process is waiting for an event that can only be caused by another process in the set

Processes are competing for CPU time

Memory allocation exceeds available RAM

Question 6 of 60 Quiz ID: q6

In the bridge analogy for deadlocks, what represents a resource?

The entire bridge

Each car on the bridge

Each section of the bridge

The traffic lights

Question 7 of 60 Quiz ID: q7

Which of the following is NOT one of the four necessary conditions for deadlock?

Mutual exclusion

Hold and wait

Resource starvation

Circular wait

Question 8 of 60 Quiz ID: q8

The mutual exclusion condition for deadlock states that:

All resources must be shared equally

At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode

No process can hold more than one resource

Resources can only be used by one process at a time

Question 9 of 60 Quiz ID: q9

The hold and wait condition requires:

Processes to release all resources before requesting new ones

One process holding one resource and waiting for another resource

All processes to wait for the same resource

Resources to be held indefinitely

Question 10 of 60 Quiz ID: q10

What does the 'no preemption' condition mean in the context of deadlocks?

Resources can be taken away from processes at any time

Resources cannot be preempted (critical sections cannot be aborted externally)

Only high-priority processes can preempt resources

Preemption is handled by the operating system kernel

Question 11 of 60 Quiz ID: q11

The circular wait condition requires:

All processes to wait in a circle

A set of processes where P1 waits for P2, P2 for P3, etc., forming a cycle

Resources to be arranged in a circular queue

Processes to access resources in circular order

Question 12 of 60 Quiz ID: q12

How many of the four deadlock conditions must be present for deadlock to occur?

At least one

At least two

At least three

All four

Question 13 of 60 Quiz ID: q13

What are the two main approaches to dealing with deadlock mentioned in the lecture?

Detection and prevention

Pro-active (prevention) and reactive (detection + corrective action)

Hardware and software solutions

Static and dynamic allocation

Question 14 of 60 Quiz ID: q14

To prevent deadlock by eliminating mutual exclusion, which approach is suggested?

Use only shared resources

Buy more resources, split into pieces, or virtualize to make 'infinite' copies

Implement resource pooling

Use lock-free programming

Question 15 of 60 Quiz ID: q15

How can the hold and wait condition be eliminated?

Allow unlimited resource holding

Implement resource timeouts

Wait on all resources at once (must know in advance)

Use priority-based allocation

Question 16 of 60 Quiz ID: q16

Which is an example of eliminating the no preemption condition?

Using mutex locks

Physical memory virtualized with VM, allowing pages to be taken away

Implementing semaphores

Using critical sections

Question 17 of 60 Quiz ID: q17

What is one way to eliminate the circular wait condition?

Use multiple locks simultaneously

Implement random resource access

Partial ordering of resources

Dynamic resource allocation

Question 18 of 60 Quiz ID: q18

In a resource allocation graph, what do the nodes represent?

Only processes

Only resources

Both processes and resources

System states

Question 19 of 60 Quiz ID: q19

What does a directed edge from Pi to Rj represent in a resource allocation graph?

Pi is holding an instance of Rj

Pi is requesting Rj

Rj is available to Pi

Pi has released Rj

Question 20 of 60 Quiz ID: q20

What does a directed edge from Rj to Pi represent in a resource allocation graph?

Pi is requesting Rj

Pi is holding an instance of Rj

Rj is being released by Pi

Pi is waiting for Rj

Question 21 of 60 Quiz ID: q21

If a resource allocation graph has no cycles, what can be concluded?

Deadlock definitely exists

Deadlock might exist

No deadlock exists

The system is unsafe

Question 22 of 60 Quiz ID: q22

If a resource allocation graph contains a cycle and each resource type has only one instance, what can be concluded?

No deadlock exists

Deadlock might exist

Deadlock definitely exists

The system needs restart

Question 23 of 60 Quiz ID: q23

If a resource allocation graph contains a cycle and some resource types have multiple instances, what can be concluded?

Deadlock definitely exists

No deadlock exists

Maybe deadlock, maybe not

The system is in safe state

Question 24 of 60 Quiz ID: q24

How many approaches are there for dealing with deadlock according to the lecture?

Two

Three

Four

Five

Question 25 of 60 Quiz ID: q25

What is the 'Ostrich Algorithm' approach to deadlock?

Aggressive deadlock prevention

Pretend that deadlock never occurs

Immediate deadlock detection

Resource preemption strategy

Question 26 of 60 Quiz ID: q26

Why might the Ostrich Algorithm be chosen for dealing with deadlocks?

It's the most efficient solution

Deadlocks occur rarely, are difficult to detect, and prevention cost is high

It provides the best user experience

It's required by operating system standards

Question 27 of 60 Quiz ID: q27

What information does deadlock avoidance require in advance?

Process execution time

Memory requirements

What resources will be needed by processes

Network bandwidth needs

Question 28 of 60 Quiz ID: q28

What is the main challenge with deadlock avoidance in practice?

It requires too much memory

It's too slow

Hard to determine all resources needed in advance

It doesn't work with multiple processors

Question 29 of 60 Quiz ID: q29

What is the Banker's Algorithm used for?

Deadlock detection

Deadlock recovery

Deadlock avoidance for resources with multiple units

Deadlock prevention

Question 30 of 60 Quiz ID: q30

In the Banker's Algorithm, what must be stated in advance?

Process priority

Maximum credit claim (resource needs)

Execution time

Memory allocation

Question 31 of 60 Quiz ID: q31

What defines a 'dangerous state' in the Banker's Algorithm?

When all resources are allocated

When no processes are running

A state where a sudden request by any customer for full credit limit could lead to deadlock

When the system is overloaded

Question 32 of 60 Quiz ID: q32

Why is the Banker's Algorithm rarely used in practice?

It's too complex to implement

It doesn't work correctly

Low resource utilization due to maintaining resource surplus

It requires too much memory

Question 33 of 60 Quiz ID: q33

What two algorithms are needed for detection and recovery approach?

Prevention and avoidance algorithms

One to determine deadlock occurrence, another to recover from it

Resource allocation and deallocation algorithms

Process scheduling and memory management algorithms

Question 34 of 60 Quiz ID: q34

How does deadlock detection work?

Monitor CPU usage patterns

Check memory allocation

Traverse the resource graph looking for cycles

Analyze process communication

Question 35 of 60 Quiz ID: q35

Why is deadlock detection expensive?

It requires special hardware

Many processes and resources to traverse

It uses too much memory

It interferes with normal operations

Question 36 of 60 Quiz ID: q36

What factors determine when to invoke the detection algorithm?

System load and user preferences

How often deadlock is likely and how many processes will be affected

Available memory and CPU usage

Network traffic and I/O patterns

Question 37 of 60 Quiz ID: q37

What are the two main options for deadlock recovery?

Restart system or increase resources

Abort processes or preempt resources

Change priorities or reallocate memory

Suspend processes or modify algorithms

Question 38 of 60 Quiz ID: q38

What happens when all deadlocked processes are aborted?

The system becomes more efficient

Resources are permanently lost

Processes need to start over again

The system automatically prevents future deadlocks

Question 39 of 60 Quiz ID: q39

What must the system do when aborting one process at a time for deadlock recovery?

Increase system priority

Allocate more memory

Rerun detection algorithm after each abort

Notify all users

Question 40 of 60 Quiz ID: q40

What must be considered when preempting resources for deadlock recovery?

Network bandwidth and storage space

Process and resource selection, rollback, and preventing starvation

User permissions and security policies

Hardware compatibility and driver support

Question 41 of 60 Quiz ID: q41

According to the deadlock summary, what causes deadlock to occur?

High system load

Processes waiting on each other and cannot make progress

Insufficient memory

Poor process scheduling

Question 42 of 60 Quiz ID: q42

In the context of deadlock prevention, what does 'invalidating mutual exclusion' mean for read-only files?

Files cannot be read simultaneously

Mutual exclusion is not required for sharable resources like read-only files

All files must be write-protected

Only one process can access the file system

Question 43 of 60 Quiz ID: q43

What are the potential problems with preventing hold and wait?

Increased complexity and memory usage

Low resource utilization and possible starvation

Higher CPU overhead and slower execution

Network congestion and I/O bottlenecks

Question 44 of 60 Quiz ID: q44

In deadlock prevention by eliminating no preemption, what happens when a process requests a resource that cannot be immediately allocated?

The process waits indefinitely

The system crashes

All resources currently held by the process are released

The request is denied permanently

Question 45 of 60 Quiz ID: q45

What is required for circular wait prevention through resource ordering?

Resources must be accessed randomly

Each resource must be assigned a unique number and acquired in order

Resources must be shared equally among processes

All resources must be acquired simultaneously

Question 46 of 60 Quiz ID: q46

What additional information does deadlock avoidance require that the system has available?

Current system performance metrics

Some additional a priori information about maximum resource needs

Real-time process execution data

Network topology and bandwidth information

Question 47 of 60 Quiz ID: q47

What defines a safe state in deadlock avoidance?

No processes are currently running

All resources are available

There exists a sequence of all processes where each can complete with available resources plus resources from completed processes

The system is running at minimum capacity

Question 48 of 60 Quiz ID: q48

What is the relationship between safe states and deadlocks?

Safe states can lead to deadlocks

If a system is in safe state, no deadlocks can occur

Safe states and deadlocks are unrelated

Deadlocks always occur in safe states

Question 49 of 60 Quiz ID: q49

What does an unsafe state mean in deadlock avoidance?

Deadlock will definitely occur

The system will crash

There's a possibility of deadlock

All processes must be terminated

Question 50 of 60 Quiz ID: q50

Which algorithms are used for deadlock avoidance depending on resource instances?

First-fit and best-fit algorithms

Round-robin and priority scheduling

Resource-allocation graph for single instance, Banker's Algorithm for multiple instances

FIFO and LIFO algorithms

Question 51 of 60 Quiz ID: q51

In the resource-allocation graph scheme for avoidance, what does a claim edge represent?

A process currently holds a resource

A process may request a resource in the future

A resource is being released

A deadlock has been detected

Question 52 of 60 Quiz ID: q52

In the Banker's Algorithm data structures, what does the Need matrix represent?

Resources currently allocated to processes

Maximum resources each process may request

Resources that may still be needed by each process

Available resources in the system

Question 53 of 60 Quiz ID: q53

In the Safety Algorithm, what does it mean when Finish[i] = true for all i?

All processes are deadlocked

The system is in unsafe state

The system is in safe state

Resources need to be reallocated

Question 54 of 60 Quiz ID: q54

What is the first step in the Resource-Request Algorithm when process Pi makes a request?

Check if resources are available

Allocate resources immediately

Check if Request ≤ Need, otherwise raise error

Run the safety algorithm

Question 55 of 60 Quiz ID: q55

For deadlock detection with single instance of each resource type, what type of graph is maintained?

Resource allocation graph

Wait-for graph

Process dependency graph

System state graph

Question 56 of 60 Quiz ID: q56

What is the time complexity for detecting a cycle in a wait-for graph?

O(n) operations

O(n log n) operations

O(n²) operations

O(n³) operations

Question 57 of 60 Quiz ID: q57

In the deadlock detection algorithm for multiple resource instances, what does it mean if Finish[i] == false for some process Pi?

Process Pi is running normally

Process Pi is in safe state

Process Pi is deadlocked

Process Pi needs more resources

Question 58 of 60 Quiz ID: q58

What factors should be considered when deciding which process to abort for deadlock recovery?

Process creation time and memory usage

Priority, computation time, resources used/needed, number of processes affected, interactive vs batch

Process ID and parent process

CPU usage and I/O patterns

Question 59 of 60 Quiz ID: q59

What are the three main considerations for resource preemption in deadlock recovery?

Speed, efficiency, and reliability

Selecting a victim, rollback, and preventing starvation

Memory, CPU, and I/O resources

User permissions, security, and audit trails

Question 60 of 60 Quiz ID: q60

Which deadlock handling approach focuses on making one of the four necessary conditions impossible?

Deadlock avoidance

Deadlock detection

Deadlock prevention

Deadlock recovery

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