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Question 1 of 60 Quiz ID: q1

What are the two main types of secondary storage devices mentioned for modern computers?

Magnetic tape and optical disks

Hard disk drives (HDDs) and nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices

RAM drives and flash drives

CD-ROM and DVD drives

Question 2 of 60 Quiz ID: q2

What is the typical rotation speed range for HDDs?

30 to 120 times per second

60 to 250 times per second

100 to 500 times per second

250 to 1000 times per second

Question 3 of 60 Quiz ID: q3

What does positioning time consist of in HDDs?

Only seek time

Only rotational latency

Seek time and rotational latency

Transfer time and controller overhead

Question 4 of 60 Quiz ID: q4

What is a head crash in HDD terminology?

When the disk stops spinning

When data becomes corrupted

When the disk head makes contact with the disk surface

When the controller fails

Question 5 of 60 Quiz ID: q5

What are the common HDD platter sizes mentioned?

1.5", 2.5", and 5.25"

2.5", 3.5", and 5.25"

3.5", 2.5", and 1.8"

1.8", 2.5", and 4.0"

Question 6 of 60 Quiz ID: q6

What is the typical capacity range for modern HDDs mentioned?

10GB to 1TB per drive

30GB to 3TB per drive

100GB to 5TB per drive

1TB to 10TB per drive

Question 7 of 60 Quiz ID: q7

What is the theoretical transfer rate mentioned for HDDs?

3 Gb/sec

6 Gb/sec

9 Gb/sec

12 Gb/sec

Question 8 of 60 Quiz ID: q8

What is the common seek time for desktop drives?

3ms

6ms

9ms

12ms

Question 9 of 60 Quiz ID: q9

How is average seek time typically calculated?

Based on 1/4 of tracks

Based on 1/3 of tracks

Based on 1/2 of tracks

Based on all tracks

Question 10 of 60 Quiz ID: q10

What is the formula for calculating latency based on spindle speed?

RPM / 60

60 / RPM

RPM * 60

60 * RPM

Question 11 of 60 Quiz ID: q11

What is the access latency for the fastest disk mentioned?

3ms

5ms

9ms

14.56ms

Question 12 of 60 Quiz ID: q12

What was the capacity of the first commercial disk drive (IBM Model 350) in 1956?

5M (7 bit) characters

10M (8 bit) characters

50M (7 bit) characters

100M (8 bit) characters

Question 13 of 60 Quiz ID: q13

What is another name for solid-state disks when they are disk-drive like?

Flash drives

SSDs

NVM drives

NAND drives

Question 14 of 60 Quiz ID: q14

Which characteristic do NVM devices NOT have compared to HDDs?

More reliable

More expensive per MB

Seek time and rotational latency

Faster performance

Question 15 of 60 Quiz ID: q15

What is a key challenge with NVM devices regarding data writing?

They can only write sequentially

They can't overwrite in place

They require special controllers

They have slow write speeds

Question 16 of 60 Quiz ID: q16

How many times can NVM blocks typically be erased before wearing out?

~10,000 times

~50,000 times

~100,000 times

~500,000 times

Question 17 of 60 Quiz ID: q17

What does DWPD stand for in NVM terminology?

Data Writes Per Day

Drive Writes Per Day

Disk Writes Per Day

Daily Write Performance Data

Question 18 of 60 Quiz ID: q18

What does the flash translation layer (FTL) table do?

Manages power consumption

Tracks which logical blocks are valid

Controls write speed

Monitors temperature

Question 19 of 60 Quiz ID: q19

What is the purpose of wear leveling in NVM devices?

To increase write speed

To reduce power consumption

To write equally to all cells

To improve read performance

Question 20 of 60 Quiz ID: q20

Why are RAM drives used despite computers having buffering and caching via RAM?

They are faster than regular RAM

They are under user control

They use less power

They are more reliable

Question 21 of 60 Quiz ID: q21

What is the most common disk attachment interface mentioned?

ATA

SATA

USB

FC (Fibre Channel)

Question 22 of 60 Quiz ID: q22

What is NVMe designed for?

Traditional hard drives

Network storage

Fast interface for NVM

Optical drives

Question 23 of 60 Quiz ID: q23

Where is Sector 0 located on a disk?

First sector of the innermost cylinder

First sector of the first track on the outermost cylinder

Last sector of the outermost cylinder

Center of the disk

Question 24 of 60 Quiz ID: q24

What is the primary goal of HDD scheduling?

Maximize storage capacity

Minimize power consumption

Minimize seek time

Maximize data transfer rate

Question 25 of 60 Quiz ID: q25

What is disk bandwidth defined as?

Maximum data transfer rate

Total number of bytes transferred divided by total time between first request and completion of last transfer

Number of I/O operations per second

Average seek time plus rotational latency

Question 26 of 60 Quiz ID: q26

In the FCFS scheduling example with queue (98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67) and head at 53, what is the total head movement?

208 cylinders

640 cylinders

320 cylinders

480 cylinders

Question 27 of 60 Quiz ID: q27

What is the SCAN algorithm also known as?

First-come-first-served algorithm

Elevator algorithm

Shortest-seek-time-first algorithm

Round-robin algorithm

Question 28 of 60 Quiz ID: q28

In the SCAN example, what is the total head movement?

640 cylinders

208 cylinders

320 cylinders

480 cylinders

Question 29 of 60 Quiz ID: q29

What is the main advantage of C-SCAN over SCAN?

Faster overall performance

Less total head movement

More uniform wait time

Better for sequential access

Question 30 of 60 Quiz ID: q30

How does C-SCAN treat the cylinders?

As a linear array

As a circular list that wraps around

As independent units

As a hierarchical structure

Question 31 of 60 Quiz ID: q31

Which scheduling algorithms perform better for systems with heavy disk load?

FCFS and SSTF

SCAN and C-SCAN

Only SSTF

Only FCFS

Question 32 of 60 Quiz ID: q32

What does the Linux deadline scheduler maintain to avoid starvation?

Single priority queue

Two queues: one for reads, one for writes

Four queues: 2 read and 2 write queues

Three queues for different priorities

Question 33 of 60 Quiz ID: q33

What is the default configured age for requests in Linux deadline scheduler?

100ms

250ms

500ms

1000ms

Question 34 of 60 Quiz ID: q34

What type of I/O is NVM best at compared to HDD?

Sequential I/O

Random I/O

Large block I/O

Cached I/O

Question 35 of 60 Quiz ID: q35

What can decrease NVM's performance advantage?

High temperature

Power consumption

Write amplification

Read caching

Question 36 of 60 Quiz ID: q36

What is a common error detection method used in networking?

Parity bit

Checksum

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

Error-correction code (ECC)

Question 37 of 60 Quiz ID: q37

What can Error-correction code (ECC) do that basic error detection cannot?

Detect more types of errors

Work faster

Correct some errors, not just detect them

Use less storage space

Question 38 of 60 Quiz ID: q38

What is low-level formatting also known as?

Logical formatting

Physical formatting

File system creation

Partitioning

Question 39 of 60 Quiz ID: q39

What is the usual sector size for data storage?

256 bytes

512 bytes

1024 bytes

2048 bytes

Question 40 of 60 Quiz ID: q40

What is logical formatting also called?

Physical formatting

Making a file system

Disk partitioning

Sector creation

Question 41 of 60 Quiz ID: q41

What is checked at mount time for file systems?

Available disk space

File system consistency

User permissions

Network connectivity

Question 42 of 60 Quiz ID: q42

What is swap space used for?

Temporary file storage

Moving entire processes or pages from DRAM to secondary storage

System backup

Boot process

Question 43 of 60 Quiz ID: q43

What are the three ways computers access storage?

Local, remote, and cached

Host-attached, network-attached, and cloud

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

Read-only, write-only, and read-write

Question 44 of 60 Quiz ID: q44

What type of architecture does Fibre Channel use?

Parallel architecture

Serial architecture

Mesh architecture

Ring architecture

Question 45 of 60 Quiz ID: q45

What are common protocols for Network-Attached Storage (NAS)?

HTTP and FTP

NFS and CIFS

TCP and UDP

SSH and SFTP

Question 46 of 60 Quiz ID: q46

What protocol does iSCSI use?

Uses Fibre Channel over IP network

Uses IP network to carry the SCSI protocol

Uses USB over network

Uses parallel SCSI over network

Question 47 of 60 Quiz ID: q47

How does cloud storage differ from NAS in terms of access?

Cloud storage uses faster protocols

NAS is API based, while cloud storage presents as file systems

Cloud storage is API based, while NAS presents as file systems

They use the same access methods

Question 48 of 60 Quiz ID: q48

What does RAID stand for?

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

Reliable Array of Independent Disks

Rapid Access of Independent Disks

Question 49 of 60 Quiz ID: q49

If mirrored disks fail independently with 1,300,000 hour MTTF and 10 hour MTTR, what is the mean time to data loss?

57,000 years

5,700 years

570,000 years

5.7 million years

Question 50 of 60 Quiz ID: q50

What does RAID 1 implement?

Disk striping

Parity checking

Mirroring or shadowing

Block interleaving

Question 51 of 60 Quiz ID: q51

Which RAID levels use block interleaved parity?

RAID 0, 1, 2

RAID 1, 2, 3

RAID 4, 5, 6

RAID 5, 6, 7

Question 52 of 60 Quiz ID: q52

What is the purpose of hot-spare disks in RAID systems?

To improve read performance

To automatically replace failed disks and rebuild data

To provide additional storage capacity

To reduce power consumption

Question 53 of 60 Quiz ID: q53

What is a snapshot in storage terminology?

A backup of the entire system

A view of file system before a set of changes take place

A compressed version of data

A temporary storage area

Question 54 of 60 Quiz ID: q54

What can replication be used for?

Only performance improvement

Only data compression

Redundancy and disaster recovery

Only power efficiency

Question 55 of 60 Quiz ID: q55

What does ZFS add to detect data corruption?

Additional RAID levels

Checksums of all data and metadata

Extra parity bits

Duplicate storage

Question 56 of 60 Quiz ID: q56

How does ZFS handle storage allocation differently from traditional systems?

Uses fixed partitions

Uses volumes and partitions

Removes volumes and partitions, using pools

Uses only physical disks

Question 57 of 60 Quiz ID: q57

What is the main characteristic of object storage?

Hierarchical directory structure

File-system based navigation

No directory structures, computer-oriented

User-friendly interface

Question 58 of 60 Quiz ID: q58

What is the typical sequence for using object storage?

Create directory, create file, access file

Mount volume, create file, delete file

Create object, receive ID, access via ID, delete via ID

Open connection, transfer data, close connection

Question 59 of 60 Quiz ID: q59

How does object storage management software like HDFS and Ceph provide protection?

By using RAID arrays

By storing N copies across N systems

By using error-correction codes

By creating backup tapes

Question 60 of 60 Quiz ID: q60

Which characteristics best describe object storage systems?

Vertically scalable and structured

Horizontally scalable and structured

Vertically scalable, content addressable, and unstructured

Horizontally scalable, content addressable, and unstructured

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