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Question 1 of 40 Quiz ID: q1

What is the primary function of a head actuator in a Hard Disk Drive (HDD)?

To spin the disk platters

To position the read/write head over the desired track

To convert magnetic signals into electrical signals

To provide power to the drive

Question 2 of 40 Quiz ID: q2

In the context of HDDs, what does 'rotational latency' refer to?

The time taken for the platters to reach operating speed from rest

The time delay for the head to switch from read to write mode

The time for the desired sector to rotate under the read/write head

The time taken to transfer data from the disk to the controller

Question 3 of 40 Quiz ID: q3

What is a 'cylinder' in a multi-platter HDD?

The physical spindle that holds the platters

The set of all tracks located at the same head position across all platters

The outermost track on a single platter

The mechanism that seals the drive from external air

Question 4 of 40 Quiz ID: q4

Which of the following is NOT a typical classification criterion for Hard Disks?

Disk capacity (e.g., 1TB, 2TB)

Type of controller (e.g., SATA, SAS)

Speed measured in Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)

The material of the external casing (e.g., aluminum, plastic)

Question 5 of 40 Quiz ID: q5

What is the fundamental technology behind Solid State Drives (SSDs)?

Perpendicular magnetic recording

Magnetoresistive read heads

NAND flash memory

3D XPoint™ technology

Question 6 of 40 Quiz ID: q6

A key component on an SSD PCB that manages data storage, retrieval, and wear leveling is called the:

Head Actuator

Controller

NAND Flash Chip

Cache (DRAM)

Question 7 of 40 Quiz ID: q7

According to the lecture, what is a major advantage of Intel's 3D XPoint™ technology (Optane) over traditional NAND flash?

It requires a transistor at each memory cell

It is significantly impacted by the number of write cycles

It offers high endurance, not significantly impacted by write cycles

It is a volatile memory technology

Question 8 of 40 Quiz ID: q8

How does the access time of a typical SSD compare to a high-performance 15,000 rpm SAS HDD?

SSD access time is slightly slower

SSD access time is approximately the same

SSD access time is orders of magnitude faster (e.g., 0.1ms vs 5.5-8.0ms)

SSD access time is unpredictable and often slower

Question 9 of 40 Quiz ID: q9

In optical storage, what is the physical difference between a 'pit' and a 'land' on a CD?

Pits are magnetic, lands are non-magnetic

Pits are elevations, lands are depressions

Pits are depressions, lands are flat areas

Pits store a '1', lands store a '0'

Question 10 of 40 Quiz ID: q10

What is the primary motivation for implementing Virtual Memory?

To increase the clock speed of the CPU

To make the cache memory larger

To allow programs to use more memory than is physically available and to provide memory protection

To permanently store data on a secondary storage device

Question 11 of 40 Quiz ID: q11

In virtual memory systems, what is the term for a fixed-length block of data into which the virtual address space is divided?

Sector

Frame

Page

Cache Line

Question 12 of 40 Quiz ID: q12

What event occurs when a program tries to access a page that is not currently resident in main memory (RAM)?

TLB miss

Cache miss

Page fault

Segmentation fault

Question 13 of 40 Quiz ID: q13

What is the primary structure stored in main memory that the Memory Management Unit (MMU) uses to translate virtual addresses to physical addresses?

Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)

Page Table

Cache Directory

Segment Table

Question 14 of 40 Quiz ID: q14

For a system with 4 KiB pages and a 48-bit virtual address space, how many bits are used for the page offset?

12 bits

36 bits

48 bits

16 bits

Question 15 of 40 Quiz ID: q15

Using the same system (4 KiB pages, 48-bit VA), how many entries would a single-level page table have?

2^12 entries

2^36 entries

2^48 entries

2^24 entries

Question 16 of 40 Quiz ID: q16

Why is a single-level page table often impractical for modern systems with large address spaces?

It is too slow to access

It requires a special processor to manage it

Its size becomes excessively large, consuming too much physical memory

It cannot be stored on disk

Question 17 of 40 Quiz ID: q17

What is the purpose of the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)?

To serve as the main page table in physical memory

To act as a cache for recently used virtual-to-physical address translations

To store the contents of frequently accessed pages

To handle page faults when they occur

Question 18 of 40 Quiz ID: q18

Which locality principle justifies the effectiveness of the TLB?

Temporal Locality only

Spatial Locality only

Both Temporal and Spatial Locality

Sequential Locality

Question 19 of 40 Quiz ID: q19

Besides the physical page number, what additional information might a TLB entry hold?

The data from the memory location

A valid bit, dirty bit, and reference bit

The virtual address of the next instruction

The disk address for the page

Question 20 of 40 Quiz ID: q20

What is the sequence of events on a TLB miss?

A page fault is generated immediately

The MMU loads the correct translation from the page table in memory into the TLB, then the translation is performed

The processor halts until the user restarts it

The data is fetched directly from the disk

Question 21 of 40 Quiz ID: q21

What is the role of the 'swap space' in a virtual memory system?

To cache frequently accessed disk sectors

To serve as a reserved area on the disk where pages are stored when they are evicted from physical memory (RAM)

To store the page tables for all running processes

To act as a backup for the TLB

Question 22 of 40 Quiz ID: q22

In the address translation process, what part of the virtual address remains unchanged in the physical address?

The virtual page number (VPN)

The page offset

The entire address is translated

The most significant bit

Question 23 of 40 Quiz ID: q23

Which component is primarily responsible for translating virtual addresses to physical addresses?

The CPU's main ALU

The Memory Management Unit (MMU)

The Disk Controller

The Operating System Kernel

Question 24 of 40 Quiz ID: q24

What does a 'dirty bit' in a page table entry signify?

The page is corrupted and cannot be used

The page has been modified since it was loaded into memory

The page is currently being accessed by the CPU

The page is empty and available for use

Question 25 of 40 Quiz ID: q25

What is the fundamental difference between a 'sector' on an HDD and a 'page' in virtual memory?

A sector is a unit of physical storage on disk, while a page is a unit of logical address space and physical memory

A page is larger than a sector

A sector is managed by hardware, a page is managed by software

There is no difference; the terms are interchangeable

Question 26 of 40 Quiz ID: q26

Which of these is a key advantage of SAS drives over SATA drives in an enterprise HDD context?

Larger maximum capacity

Lower cost per gigabyte

Higher reliability and faster data transfer rates

They use less power

Question 27 of 40 Quiz ID: q27

What is the primary reason an SSD might include a DRAM cache chip?

To permanently store user data in case of power loss

To act as a buffer for mapping tables and data being read/written, improving speed

To make the SSD appear larger than its actual NAND capacity

To perform error correction on the NAND flash

Question 28 of 40 Quiz ID: q28

In the Intel Optane/3D XPoint™ cross-point structure, how is an individual memory cell selected?

By a single wire

By a transistor at each cell

By selecting its top and bottom perpendicular wires

By a magnetic field

Question 29 of 40 Quiz ID: q29

Why is the 'seek time' component of HDD access time irrelevant for SSDs?

SSDs have much faster seek times, so it's negligible

SSDs don't have moving parts, so there is no physical head to position

SSDs use a different unit of measurement for access time

Seek time is only relevant for optical drives, not HDDs or SSDs

Question 30 of 40 Quiz ID: q30

What is the primary function of the 'head arm' in an HDD assembly?

To provide structural support for the platters

To hold the read/write head and connect it to the actuator assembly

To filter air particles inside the HDD

To control the speed of the spinning platters

Question 31 of 40 Quiz ID: q31

The 'land' and 'pit' geometry on a CD is used to represent data based on:

Differences in magnetic polarity

Changes in electrical resistance

Transitions between pit and land (edge), not the pit/land itself

The absolute depth of the pit

Question 32 of 40 Quiz ID: q32

What is the purpose of the 'valid bit' in a page table entry?

To indicate the page has been referenced

To indicate the page has been modified

To indicate whether the translation is valid (i.e., the page is in physical memory)

To indicate the page is read-only

Question 33 of 40 Quiz ID: q33

If a system has a TLB hit, what does this imply about the subsequent steps for address translation?

A page table walk in main memory is still required

The physical address is obtained without needing to access the page table in main memory

A page fault is guaranteed to occur

The data is directly retrieved from the disk

Question 34 of 40 Quiz ID: q34

The concept of virtual memory relies on the principle that not all parts of a program's address space need to be in physical memory at the same time. This is enabled by:

Spatial Locality

Temporal Locality

The Principle of Locality in general

The memory hierarchy

Question 35 of 40 Quiz ID: q35

What is the typical first action performed by the operating system when a page fault occurs?

Terminate the process that caused the fault

Find a free frame in physical memory (or evict one) and load the required page from disk into that frame

Clear the TLB

Increase the priority of the process

Question 36 of 40 Quiz ID: q36

Compared to a multi-level page table, a single-level page table for a large address space is generally:

Faster to access for any translation

Simpler in design but consumes more physical memory

More complex but consumes less physical memory

Not stored in main memory

Question 37 of 40 Quiz ID: q37

Which status bit in a TLB or PTE helps the OS implement a page replacement algorithm like Clock (Second Chance)?

Valid bit

Dirty bit

Reference bit (Accessed bit)

Execute bit

Question 38 of 40 Quiz ID: q38

In the HDD access time equation, which component is dependent on the rotational speed (RPM) of the platters?

Seek Time

Rotational Latency

Transfer Time

Controller Overhead

Question 39 of 40 Quiz ID: q39

What is a major trade-off when using an SSD over an HDD for permanent storage?

SSDs have higher latency

SSDs have lower capacity

SSDs have a higher cost per gigabyte

SSDs are less robust and more prone to physical shock damage

Question 40 of 40 Quiz ID: q40

The memory hierarchy from fastest/smallest to slowest/largest is typically:

Registers → Cache → Main Memory (DRAM) → Secondary Storage (e.g., SSD/HDD)

Cache → Registers → Main Memory → Secondary Storage

Main Memory → Cache → Registers → Secondary Storage

Secondary Storage → Main Memory → Cache → Registers

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